The Scandinavian languages at this time are not considered to be separate languages, although there were minor differences among what are customarily called Old Icelandic, Old Norwegian, Old Gutnish, Old Danish, and Old Swedish. These new words were related to church practices and ceremonies, although many other loanwords related to general culture also entered the language. The Roman alphabet Īround 1030, Christianity came to Scandinavia, bringing with it an influx of Latin borrowings and the Roman alphabet. In all of these places except Iceland and the Faroes, Old Norse speakers went extinct or were absorbed into the local population. Viking colonies also existed in parts of the British Isles, France ( Normandy), North America, and Kievan Rus. At the same time, the beginning of the Viking Age led to the spread of Old Norse to Iceland, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands. They are the oldest written record of any Germanic language.Īround 800 AD, the script was simplified to the Younger Futhark, and inscriptions became more abundant. The oldest are carved on loose objects, while later ones are chiseled in runestones. A number of inscriptions are memorials to the dead, while others are magical in content. It is the earliest stage of a characteristically North Germanic language, and the language attested in the Elder Futhark inscriptions, the oldest form of the runic alphabets. Proto-Norse is thought to have evolved as a northern dialect of Proto-Germanic during the first centuries AD in what is today Southern Sweden. In the northwest of Europe, the West Germanic languages evolved, which would eventually become English, Dutch, German, and the North Germanic languages, of which Norwegian is one. As early Indo-Europeans spread across Europe, they became isolated and new languages were developed. Like most of the languages in Europe, the Norwegian language descends from the Proto-Indo-European language. Other Germanic languages with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility History Origins The approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century: Under the Nordic Language Convention, citizens of the Nordic countries who speak Norwegian have the opportunity to use it when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries without being liable for any interpretation or translation costs. Norwegian is one of the working languages of the Nordic Council. Norwegian is one of the two official languages in Norway, along with Sámi, a Finno-Ugric language spoken by less than one percent of the population. Bokmål developed from the Dano-Norwegian language that replaced Middle Norwegian as the elite language after the union of Denmark–Norway in the 16th and 17th centuries and then evolved in Norway, while Nynorsk was developed based upon a collective of spoken Norwegian dialects. Today there are two official forms of written Norwegian, Bokmål (Riksmål) and Nynorsk (Landsmål), each with its own variants. Norwegian is a descendant of Old Norse, the common language of the Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Age.
While the two Germanic languages with the greatest numbers of speakers, English and German, have close similarities with Norwegian, neither is mutually intelligible with it. Faroese and Icelandic are not mutually intelligible with Norwegian in their spoken form because continental Scandinavian has diverged from them. These Scandinavian languages, together with Faroese and Icelandic as well as some extinct languages, constitute the North Germanic languages. Along with Swedish and Danish, Norwegian forms a dialect continuum of more or less mutually intelligible local and regional varieties some Norwegian and Swedish dialects, in particular, are very close. Norwegian (Norwegian: norsk i) is a North Germanic language spoken mainly in Norway, where it is an official language. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Areas where Norwegian is spoken, including North Dakota (where 0.4% of the population speaks Norwegian), western Wisconsin (<0.1% of the population), and Minnesota (0.1% of the population) (Data: U.S.
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